[41][42] When the "Bakerloo" was so named in July 1906, The Railway Magazine called it an undignified "gutter title". London Underground, better known as the Tube, has 11 lines covering 402km and serving 272 stations. [75], In 1979 another new tube, the Jubilee line, named in honour of Queen Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee, took over the Stanmore branch from the Bakerloo line, linking it to a newly constructed tube between Baker Street and Charing Cross stations. Some stations at the north-eastern end of the Central line are in the Epping Forest district of Essex and some stations at the north-western end of the Metropolitan line are in the Three Rivers and Watford districts of Hertfordshire, and Buckinghamshire. [238] When asked, passengers report overcrowding as the aspect of the network that they are least satisfied with, and overcrowding has been linked to poor productivity and potential poor heart health. [311] Graphic posters first appeared in the 1890s,[312] and it became possible to print colour images economically in the early 20th century. [11] Despite its name, only 45% of the system is under the ground: much of the network in the outer environs of London is on the surface. By Alastair Lockhart For Mailonline 14:22 17 Jan 2023, updated 14:22 17 Jan 2023. [1] Many of the central London underground stations on deep-level tube routes are higher than the running lines to assist deceleration when arriving and acceleration when departing. [24] It was hailed as a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, and borrowing trains from other railways to supplement the service. Victoria) London Overground & Bakerloo line. [96][97] Many Overground stations interchange with Underground ones, and Overground lines were added onto the Tube map. The Northern line operates at roughly 8-minute intervals between Morden and Camden Town via Charing Cross, and at 15-minute intervals between Camden Town and Edgware and between Camden Town and High Barnet. [315] Pick found he was limited by the commercial artists the printers used, and so commissioned work from artists and designers such as Dora Batty,[316] Edward McKnight Kauffer, the cartoonist George Morrow,[312] Herry (Heather) Perry,[316] Graham Sutherland,[312] Charles Sharland[317] and the sisters Anna and Doris Zinkeisen. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Heathrow has three London Underground stations - one for Terminals 2 and 3 and one each at Terminal 4 and Terminal 5. Use our travel tools to check your travel. [102][103], As of 2021, the Underground serves 272 stations. The line is predicted to run 3036 trains per hour, up to a 50% increase compared to the 2425 train per hour service provided today. [94] In 2013, the Underground celebrated its 150th anniversary, with celebratory events such as steam trains and installation of a unique Labyrinth artwork at each station.[95]. [189] The invitation to tender for the trains was issued in January 2016;[190] the specifications for the Piccadilly line infrastructure are expected in 2016,[184][185] and the first train is due to run on the Piccadilly line in 2023. [101] The Northern Line Extension opened in September 2021, extending the Northern line from Kennington to Battersea Power Station via Nine Elms. The 11 new stations were designed to be "Future-proof", with wide passageways, large quantities of escalators and lifts, and emergency exits. The Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan, but after arbitration by the Board of Trade, the DC system was adopted. Police said they were called . People ask also, what is the longest underground line? The London Underground is frequently studied by academics because it is one of the largest, oldest, and most widely used systems of public transit in the world. The Bakerloo, Central, Jubilee, Northern, Piccadilly, Victoria and Waterloo & City lines are deep-level tubes, with smaller trains that run in two circular tunnels (tubes) with a diameter about 11feet 8inches (3.56m). [175][176], The signalling system on the Northern line has been replaced to increase capacity on the line by 20%, as the line now runs 24 trains per hour at peak times, compared to 20 previously. [280], An early form of the roundel as used on the platform at Ealing Broadway, The form used today outside Westminster tube station, Roundel and "way out" arrow on a platform at Bethnal Green station, Michael Craig-Martin's 2016 roundel design, NO SMOKING signs using the roundel which are present only on the 1972 stock trains of the Bakerloo line, Seventy of the 272 London Underground stations use buildings that are on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest, and five have entrances in listed buildings. It has been shown as two separate stations at different times in the past. District Line The District Line has the most stations: 60. The nickname "Tube" comes from the circular tube-like tunnels through which the small profile trains travel. The service operates on the: The Jubilee, Piccadilly and Victoria lines, and the Central line between White City and Leytonstone, operate at 10-minute intervals. In the 2010s, consultation events and preliminary design work took place on an extension. Reveal Map: World Capitals II. For the album by Herbie Mann, see. Numbers of commissions dropped, to eight a year in the 1950s and just four a year in the 1970s,[312] with images from artists such Harry Stevens and Tom Eckersley. Heathrow Terminals 2 and 3 station is between the terminals, which are a few minutes' walk away via pedestrian subway. [1] The Circle, District, Hammersmith & City, and Metropolitan lines form the sub-surface network, with railway tunnels just below the surface and of a similar size to those on British main lines, converging on a circular bi-directional loop around zone 1. [218] Since 2010 a dispute between London Underground and trade unions over holiday pay has resulted in a limited service on Boxing Day.[221]. 4. Fast and semi-fast services operate only during peak hours; southbound only in the mornings, northbound only in the evenings. [3] It is operated by Transport for London (TfL). [45], A joint marketing agreement between most of the companies in the early years of the 20th century included maps, joint publicity, through ticketing and UNDERGROUND signs, incorporating the first bullseye symbol,[37] outside stations in Central London. [171][173][174], The signalling system on the Jubilee line has been replaced to increase capacity on the line by 20%the line now runs 30 trains per hour at peak times, compared to the previous 24 trains per hour. [107][109], The lines are electrified with a four-rail DC system: a conductor rail between the rails is energised at210V and a rail outside the running rails at +420V, giving a potential difference of 630V. On the sections of line shared with mainline trains, such as the District line from East Putney to Wimbledon and Gunnersbury to Richmond, and the Bakerloo line north of Queen's Park, the centre rail is bonded to the running rails. Clapham Common. [204] The Oyster card must be 'touched in' at the start and end of a journey, otherwise it is regarded as 'incomplete' and the maximum fare is charged. Printed in yellow on the Tube map, the 17-mile (27 km) line serves 36 stations, including most of London's main line termini. [137], In June 2006 a groundwater cooling system was installed at Victoria station. The trains have been replaced with 47 new higher-capacity 2009-stock trains. [132] In 1938 approval was given for a ventilation improvement programme, and a refrigeration unit was installed in a lift shaft at Tottenham Court Road. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and the Johnston typeface, created by Edward Johnston in 1916. Popular legends about the Underground being haunted persist to this day. [307] The Met changed to a serif letterform for its signs in the 1920s, used on the stations rebuilt by Clark. [9], The system's first tunnels were built just below the ground, using the cut-and-cover method; later, smaller, roughly circular tunnelswhich gave rise to its nickname, the Tubewere dug through at a deeper level. London tram workers queue up for their pay at the tram subway in Kingsway, High Holborn on April 7 1930. These were all delivered by 2017. [98][99] The project involved rebuilding and expanding several central Underground stations including Tottenham Court Road and Whitechapel. Download free London travel maps of the London Underground and other public transport routes. The first trains run from about 05:00 and the last trains until just after 01:00, with later starting times on Sunday mornings. When the Central line was extended east, the stations were simplified Holden proto-Brutalist designs,[295] and a cavernous concourse built at Gants Hill in honour of early Moscow Metro stations. The Central line operates at 20-minute intervals between Leytonstone and Hainault, between Leytonstone and Loughton, and between White City and Ealing Broadway. [6] The Underground has its origins in the Metropolitan Railway, the world's first underground passenger railway. A control room for the sub-surface network has been built in Hammersmith and an automatic train control (ATC) system is to replace ageing signalling equipment dating from between the mid-1920s and late 1980s, including the signal cabin at Edgware Road, the control room at Earl's Court, and the signalling centre at Baker Street. [191] Siemens Mobility's Inspiro design was selected in June 2018 in a 1.5billion contract. Erase Asia (No Outlines or Skips) 5. Lewisham previously had two Underground stations on the East London Line, but they are part of the London Overground network. Now, the ventilation space above head height is crowded with ducting, conduits, cameras, speakers and equipment acting as a baffle plates with predictable reductions in flow. Today's tube map is an evolution of that original design, and the ideas are used by many metro systems around the world. wo men have been stabbed in broad daylight close to a north-west London Tube station. Harlesden . [108] Trains generally run on the left-hand track. . 2012 - A new fleet of electric trains are introduced, the first on the Underground to feature air conditioning and full-length, walk-through interiors Northern line The Northern line, opened. An example is Green Park tube station, where false ceiling panels attached to metal frames have been installed that reduce the above-head airspace diameter by more than half in many parts. 270 stations Since then the Underground network, affectionately nicknamed the Tube by generations of Londoners, has grown to 270 stations and 11 lines stretching deep into the Capital's suburbs, and beyond. To enable this, ventilation, power supply and control and signalling systems will be adapted and modified to allow the increase in frequency. Because these costs are unevenly distributed across stations and platforms, path choice analyses may be helpful in guiding upgrades and choice of new stations. Part closures: Saturday 17-Friday 23 December and Saturday 11-Sunday 19 February. Although relatively modern and well within their design life, the trains need work in the medium term to ensure the continued reliability of the traction control equipment and maintain fleet serviceability until renewal, which is expected between 2028 and 2032. [180][181][182], In mid-2014 Transport for London issued a tender for up to 18 trains for the Jubilee line and up to 50 trains for the Northern line. [247] A special staff training facility was opened at West Ashfield tube station in TFL's Ashfield House, West Kensington in 2010 at a cost of 800,000. [10] The system serves 272 stations and has 250 miles (400km) of track. 3. [332] In 2016, British composer Daniel Liam Glyn released his concept album Changing Stations based on the 11 main tube lines of the London Underground network.[333]. This system depends on adequate cross-sectional area of the airspace above the passengers heads in the foot tunnels and escalators, where laminar airflow is proportional to the fourth power of the radius, the HagenPoiseuille equation. Around 4,000 RMT Union station staff have . Westminster Picture: Alamy Admit it: every time you change at Westminster from the Circle line to the Jubilee. [318], The Johnston Sans letter font began appearing on posters from 1917. [248], In November 2011 it was reported that 80 people had died by suicide in the previous year on the London Underground, up from 46 in 2000. [56], In the following years, the outlying lines of the former Metropolitan Railway closed, the Brill Tramway in 1935, and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936. The peak frequency was increased to 36 trains per hour in 2016 after track works were completed to the layout of the points at Walthamstow Central crossover, which transfers northbound trains to the southbound line for their return journey. [162] The EE network has also recently released a WiFi calling feature available on the iPhone. The two Paddington stations operate as a combined station with shared usage statistics. The tiling at Baker Street incorporates repetitions of Sherlock Holmes's silhouette,[302] at Tottenham Court Road semi-abstract mosaics by Eduardo Paolozzi feature musical instruments, tape machines and butterflies, [303] and at Charing Cross, David Gentleman designed the mural depicting the construction of the Eleanor Cross. [37] Robyn Denny designed the murals on the Northern line platforms at Embankment. [212] Since 2010, the Freedom Pass has included an embedded holder's photograph; it lasts five years between renewals. [133] It was claimed in 2002 that, if animals were being transported, temperatures on the Tube would break European Commission animal welfare laws. [283] The City & South London Railway opened with red-brick buildings, designed by Thomas Phillips Figgis, topped with a lead-covered dome that contained the lift mechanism and weather vane (still visible at many stations e.g. [73], On 28 February 1975, a southbound train on the Northern City Line failed to stop at its Moorgate terminus and crashed into the wall at the end of the tunnel, in the Moorgate tube crash. [124], London Underground trains come in two sizes, larger sub-surface trains and smaller deep-tube trains. [15] This was followed by the adoption of Apple Pay in 2015[196] and Android Pay in 2016,[197] allowing payment using a contactless-enabled phone or smartwatch. [328], Similarly since 1986, Poems on the Underground has commissioned poetry that is displayed in trains. The London Underground (also known simply as the Underground or by its nickname the Tube) is a rapid transit system serving Greater London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in England. The 11 lines collectively handle up to 5million passenger journeys a day and serve 272 stations. [282] Early District Railway stations were similar and on both railways the further from central London the station the simpler the construction. [25] The Metropolitan District Railway (commonly known as the District Railway) opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground "inner circle" connecting London's main-line stations. The day-to-day running of the corporation is left to the Commissioner of Transport for London. Estimated to cost between 4.7bn to 7.9bn (in 2017 prices), the extension would take around 7 years to construct. Recurrent architectural structures, an array of surfaces and an abundance of beautifully designed furniture, lighting and details all make London's iconic 150-year-old transport system pretty special. [98] Although not part of the Underground, the line connects with several Underground stations. All underground trains are required to comply with The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Non Interoperable Rail System) Regulations 2010 (RVAR 2010) by 2020.[130]. [106], London Underground's eleven lines total 402 kilometres (250mi) in length,[1] making it the seventh longest metro system in the world. Photo Sales. Today, London Underground delivers approximately 2.5 billion passenger journeys annually on 11 lines, from 272 stations. One infraco Metronet went into administration in 2007, and TfL took over the other Tube Lines in 2010. [340], This article is about the rapid transit system in London. [22] To prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. [81], In April 1994, the Waterloo & City Railway, by then owned by British Rail and known as the Waterloo & City line, was transferred to the London Underground. There are three instances where two separate stations share the same name: Edgware . The line operates under traditional signalling and does not use Automatic Train Operation. Chiltern Railways shares track with the Metropolitan Line between Harrow-on-the-Hill and Amersham. [145] The first escalator on the London Underground was installed in 1911 between the District and Piccadilly platforms at Earl's Court and from the following year new deep-level stations were provided with escalators instead of lifts. [321] Harold Hutchison became London Transport publicity officer in 1947, after the Second World War and nationalisation, and introduced the "pair poster", where an image on a poster was paired with text on another. [296] Few new stations were built in the 50 years after 1948, but Misha Black was appointed design consultant for the 1960s Victoria line, contributing to the line's uniform look,[297] with each station having an individual tile motif. [300] Stations were built to the latest standards, future proofed for growth, with innovations such as Platform screen doors. 1. [206], In 2014, TfL became the first public transport provider in the world to accept payment from contactless bank cards. Taking a moment to stop, step back, and look around inside some of London's Underground stations will reveal a wonderful display of urban design. . [17][18][19] The schematic Tube map, designed by Harry Beck in 1931, was voted a national design icon in 2006 and now includes other transport systems besides the Underground, such as the Docklands Light Railway, London Overground, Thameslink, the Elizabeth line, and Tramlink. Capacity can be increased further if the operation of the Charing Cross and Bank branches is separated. As of 2021, the record for fastest completion was held by Steve Wilson (UK) and Andi James (Finland), who completed the challenge in 15 hours, 45 minutes and 38 seconds on 21 May 2015. A notice was published on 28 February 2014 in the Official Journal of the European Union asking for expressions of interest in building the trains. Listed for each of the 273 stations are the lines serving it, local authority and the fare zone in which it is located,[note 1] the date it and any earlier main line service opened, previous names and passenger usage statistics in millions per year. Stopping services, which stop at every station on the route, may be described as "all-stations" services. This line is important in this project because it currently provides a less frequent service than other lines. The London Borough of Hackney, to the north, has two stations on its border. Kings Cross-St Pancras has the most lines, Baker Street has the most platforms, Bank-Monument is the biggest complex. [111], The London Underground was used by 296.1million passengers in 202021.[3]. [285] Clark would later design "Chiltern Court", the large, luxurious block of apartments at Baker Street, that opened in 1929. [226], Accessibility for people with limited mobility was not considered when most of the system was built, and before 1993 fire regulations prohibited wheelchairs on the Underground. Five trains will be required for the Northern line extension and 45 to increase frequencies on the rest of the line. Chalk Farm Station is the closest to Primrose Hill. [222] The Night Tube proposal was originally scheduled to start on 12 September 2015, following completion of upgrades, but in August 2015 it was announced that the start date for the Night Tube had been pushed back because of ongoing talks about contract terms between trade unions and London Underground. On the Circle and Hammersmith & City lines . This list includes all stations on the London Underground and Docklands Light Railway. ", "Elizabeth line: almost 50 years in the planning for Crossrail timeline", "Elizabeth line: Crossrail complete after decades of struggle", "Coronavirus: 40 London Underground stations to be closed", "London Underground: Nine Elms and Battersea Power Station set to open", "Northern Line extension: Two new Tube stations open", "150 London Underground facts (including the birth of Jerry Springer in East Finchley station)", "Which London Underground line is the fastest? These were constructed in 1926 to aid drainage of water from the platforms, but also halve the likelihood of a fatality when a passenger falls or jumps in front of a train.[250][251][252]. Bakerloo line capacity could be increased by 25% with 27 tph at peak times by 2033. Originally, air turbulence was kept to a minimum by keeping all signage flat to the tunnel walls. The entire Victoria line was suspended from 7am, before . [274] Between 1948 and 1957 the word "Underground" in the bar was replaced by "London Transport". [150] After the fatal 1987 King's Cross fire, all wooden escalators were replaced with metal ones and the mechanisms are regularly degreased to lower the potential for fires. [31], For the first deep-level tube line, the City and South London Railway, two 10feet 2inches (3.10m) diameter circular tunnels were dug between King William Street (close to today's Monument station) and Stockwell, under the roads to avoid the need for agreement with owners of property on the surface. 4. The transfer of responsibility was staged, with transfer of control of London Underground delayed until July 2003, when London Underground Limited became an indirect subsidiary of TfL. [11] Outside the tunnels of central London, many lines' trains tend to travel at over 40mph (64km/h) in the suburban and countryside areas. [211] Called a "Freedom Pass" it allows free travel on TfL-operated routes at all times and is valid on some National Rail services within London at weekends and after 09:30 on Monday to Fridays. [231][232], As of January2022[update], there are 90 stations with step-free access from platform to train,[154][233][234] and there are plans to provide step-free access at another 11 stations by 2024. [171], The signalling system on the Victoria line has been replaced to increase capacity on the line by around 25%; the line now runs up to 36 trains per hour compared to 2728 previously. London E20 1JN. In the original Tube design, trains passing through close fitting tunnels act as pistons to create air pressure gradients between stations. These are made up of the sub-surface network and the deep-tube lines. [209], A concessionary fare scheme is operated by London Councils for residents who are disabled or meet certain age criteria. [55] In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed, Harry Beck's diagrammatic tube map first appeared. The London Underground was the world's first underground railway. The buildings had metal lettering attached to pale walls. There can also be a step from platform to train as large as 12 inches (300mm) and a gap between the train and curved platforms, and these distances are marked on the map. [278][279], In 2016, Tate Modern commissioned conceptual artist Michael Craig-Martin to "reimagine" the roundel, changing its colours for the first time since the sign was introduced. [240], Compared with 200304, the reliability of the network had increased in 201011, with lost customer hours reduced from 54million to 40million. It was first opened in 1863 and is the second-busiest underground station in the whole of London. [37], With the advent of electric Tube services (the Waterloo and City Railway and the Great Northern and City Railway), the Volks Electric Railway, in Brighton, and competition from electric trams, the pioneering Underground companies needed modernising. At Victoria station 37 ] Robyn Denny designed the murals on the rest of the network... 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