The Grounding and Bonding and the NEC Section 250 Specific Grounding Problems, Installations And the National Electrical Code Requirements Testing Procedures For Industrial, Commercial And Institutional Electric Power Grounding Systems Practical Solutions To Grounding Problems After Attending, You Will Work More Safely And Efficiently A recessed remote ballast for a high-intensity discharge luminaire shall have thermal protec tion that is integral with the ballast and shall be identified as thermally protected. The term luminaires is recommended by the International Electrotechnical Commission. For example, if the illumination equipment is in a hazardous location, apply Articles 500 through 517. External wiring is not permitted except chain-supported luminaires (fixtures). Adequate airspace shall be provided between lamps and shades or other enclosures of combustible material. First is the requirement for properly sized handholes, which allows the installer to make the circuit conductor connections and most importantlythe grounding connections. The last thing we want is to have a heat source that may ignite some material within the ceiling and cause an attic fire. Connection of utilization equipment to facilitate frequent interchange. D10 Feeder Ampacity Determination for Adjustable-Speed Drive Control [See 215.2, 430.24, 620.13, 620.14, 620.61, Tables 430.22(E), and 620.14], Example No. Such tap conductors shall be in suitable raceway or Type AC or MC cable of at least 450 mm (18 in.) The issue here is that these luminaires have the possibility of generating a lot of heat, and the lamp is designed to be installed inside a metallic housing, which is then installed at the top of a room in the ceiling. In this case, the power to the ballast is disconnected when the lamp is removed. The grounding terminations within the poles are often difficult to install and also inspect. The load and the branch-circuit rating cannot exceed the rating of the track. Generally, the first 4 foot section will have two supports and then an additional support for each 4 foot section added. Recessed parts of a luminaire (fixture) that is not identified for contact with insulation must be at least 13 mm ( in.) Wiring methods and materials supplying the luminaire(s) shall not be exposed within the cooking hood. Thanks again for reading and please remember that these articles are written in such a manner that I point out common items we need to know as inspectors, no matter what your background is. Since most poles are metallic, you absolutely have to make this inspection to insure they are grounded. Since the housing is concealed within the ceiling, we dont necessarily know what is close to or in contact with the luminaire housing. Some of the articles include provisions pertaining to switches, receptacles, switchboards and panelboards, industrial control panels, luminaires, appliances, air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment, and transformers. All luminaires, lampholders, and retrofit kits shall be listed. The means for providing illumination has gone through numerous changes over the centuries, from oil lamps to incandescent bulbs, to fluorescent tubes and LEDs. He has been a master electrician since 1988. Exception No. However, the requirements within this article are important to know and enforce. The secondary circuit voltage shall not exceed 15,000 volts, nominal, under any load condition. Lampholders in Wet or Damp Locations. Luminaires installed on dc circuits shall be equipped with auxiliary equipment and resistors designed for dc operation. Also in part (B), the clearance to any insulation is required to be at least 3 inches. Voltage. Combustible Material. All luminaires shall be marked with the maxi mum lamp wattage or electrical rating, manufacturers name, trademark, or other suitable means of identification. It is part of the National Fire Code series published by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), a private trade association. The fixtures must be installed in a manner so that water will not enter or collect in the lampholder, wireway, etc. A pole with a hinged base shall have the equipment grounding terminal accessible within the base.Exception to (3): No grounding terminal shall be required in a pole2.5 m (8 ft) or less in height abovegrade where the supply wiring method continues without splice or pull, and where the interior of the pole and any splices are accessible by removing the luminaire. Lamphold ers shall be constructed, installed, or equipped with shades or guards so that combustible material is not subjected to temper atures in excess of 90C (194F). | RSS, Annex J ADA Standards for Accessible Design, Annex I Recommended Tightening Torque Tables from UL Standard 486A-B, Informative Annex G Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), Annex F Availability and Reliability for Critical Operations Power Systems; and Development and Implementation of Functional Performance Tests (FPTs) for Critical Operations Power Systems, Informative Annex B Application Information for Ampacity Calculation. All luminaires installed in wet locations shall be marked, Suitable for Wet Locations. All luminaires installed in damp locations shall be marked Suitable for Wet Locations or Suitable for Damp Locations.. Luminaires listed and marked for use as a raceway shall be permitted to be used as a raceway. You cannot have any part of a suspended fixture (i.e., the cord, pendant chain, etc.) Type IC. Luminaires designed for end-to-end connection to form a continuous assembly, or luminaires connected together by recognized wiring methods, shall be permitted to contain the conductors of a 2-wire branch circuit, or one multiwire branch circuit, supplying the connec ted luminaires and shall not be required to be listed as a race way. In addition to the provisions of 410.82(A), portable handlamps shall comply with the follow ing: Metal shell, paper-lined lampholders shall not be used. Conductors shall be arranged so that they are not subjected to tempera tures above those for which they are rated. The NEC specifies a few requirements for outlet boxes, inspection, suspended ceilings, luminaire (fixture) studs, insulating joints, raceway fittings, busways, and trees. Luminaire Stems. This term is not to be confused with luminary, which is defined as an important person. Professional. Electrical Rating. (c)Listed luminaires connected using listed assemblies. The separation between cases is not in excess of 50 mm (2 in. Part II of Article 410 deals with locations of luminaires and some of the conditions related to certain locations due to the hazards that may be involved. Luminaires shall be of such construction or installed so that the conductors in outlet boxes shall not be subjected to temperatures greater than that for which the conductors are rated.Branch-circuit wiring, other than 2-wire or multiwire branch circuits supplying power to luminaires connected together, shall not be passed through an outlet box that is an integral part of a luminaire unless the luminaire is identified for through-wiring.Informational Note: See 410.64(C) for wiring supplying power to luminaires connected together. 410.90 Screw Shell Type. These connectors are required to be listed and be of the locking or latching type. Where a luminaire is recessed in fire-resistant material in a building of fire-resistant construction, a temperature higher than 90C (194F) but not higher than 150C (302F) shall be considered acceptable if the luminaire is plainly marked for that service. This becomes a challenge because insulation has the tendency to go everywhere if it is blown in; or if it is batt insulation, it may eventually fall onto a fixture. (C) In Ducts or Hoods. This article covers luminaires, portable lumin aires, lampholders, pendants, incandescent filament lamps, arc lamps, electric-discharge lamps, decorative lighting products, lighting accessories for temporary seasonal and holiday use, portable flexible lighting products, and the wiring and equip ment forming part of such products and lighting installations. Autotransformers. Locations Not Permitted. I will not go into detail here, but the scope has a laundry list of items and you will find that it is pretty exclusively related to lighting products and devices. Access to Boxes. Lampholders of the screw shell type shall be installed for use as lampholders only. So on a non-IC type we must have a 1/2 inch space from any recessed parts to combustibles, excluding the support or finish trims. Special bases or other devi ces shall be used for over 1500 watts. The first is related to locations in and near bathtub and shower areas. Article 410 provides the requirements for installing luminaires, lampholders, lamps, and decorative lighting products on circuits greater than 30V. Provisions at Luminaire Outlet Boxes, Canopies, and Pans. This location is permitted only in nonresidential cooking areas and is subject to four specific conditions. Bathtub and Shower Areas. Lighting track shall be supplied by a branch circuit having a rating not more than that of the track. More times than not, these custom one-of-a-kind units are not typically listed and labeled by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL). Lighting track shall be securely mounted so that each fastening is suitable for supporting the maximum weight of luminaires that can be installed. Five exceptions exist in the 2011 Code, so please review. or the width of the shelf, whichever is greater; for a closet that permits access to both sides of a hanging rod, this space includes the volume below the highest rod extending 300 mm (12 in.) 410.73 (G) Handbook Commentary Section 410.73 (G) was added to the 2005 Code with an effective date of January 1, 2008. . Support. 4 in.) Properly Secured. Transformers shall be enclosed, identified for the use, and listed. Luminaires shall be constructed, installed, or equipped with shades or guards so that combustible material is not subjected to temper atures in excess of 90C (194F). 150 mm (6 in.) Luminaires shall be wired with conductors having insulation suitable for the environmental conditions, current, voltage, and temperature to which the conductors will be subjected. Recessed Remote Ballasts. Randy Hunter is an instructor and consultant specializing in electrical code and installations, and co-owner of Hunter Technical Services. Pendant lampholders with permanently attached leads, where used for other than festoon wiring, shall be hung from separate stranded rubber-covered conductors that are soldered directly to the circuit conductors but suppor ted independently thereof. Marking. Diffusers shall be resistant to thermal shock. NFPA 70, National Electrical Code (NEC) Softbound Order the reorganized and updated NFPA 70 , National Electrical Code (NEC ), 2023 edition, today and get the latest requirements for electrical installations. Protection Through Metal. Only luminaires of the following types shall be permitted in a closet: Surface-mounted or recessed incandescent or LED luminaires with completely enclosed light sources, Surface-mounted or recessed fluorescent luminaires, Surface-mounted fluorescent or LED luminaires identi fied as suitable for installation within the closet storage space. A lumin aire requiring supply wire rated higher than 60C (140F) shall be marked with the minimum supply wire temperature rating on the luminaire and shipping carton or equivalent. Coves shall have adequate space and shall be located so that lamps and equipment can be properly installed and maintained. 410.14 Luminaires in Show Windows. for recessed fluorescent luminaires instal led in the wall or the ceiling. Chapter 4 of the National Electrical Code (NEC), Equipment for General Use, contains 22 articles. General II. Wiring of luminaires. 2: Replacement luminaires shall be permitted to connect an equipment grounding conductor from the outlet in compliance with 250.130(C). Article 110 of the National Electrical Code (NEC) covers the general requirements for the examination and approval, installation and use, access to, and spaces about electrical equipment. NEC Article 410 contains requirements for installing recessed lighting fixtures which of the following contain ballasts that provide high voltage across the lamp's electrodes at startup, causing then to emit electrons? Excess wiring shall be avoided. Having been a contractor for several years, I was often exasperated at whoever designed a location for lighting to be installed that you physically could not get to in order to service it, especially some of the cove lighting in restrooms where the installed stalls and plumbing fixtures created great obstacles to work around. Outlet Boxes. Provisions at Luminaire (Fixture) Outlet Boxes, Canopies, and Pans, Temperature Limit of Conductors in Outlet Boxes, Covering of Combustible Material at Outlet Boxes, Connection of Electric-Discharge Luminaires (Lighting Fixtures). Luminaires that use a metal halide lamp other than a thick-glass parabolic reflector lamp (PAR) shall be provided with a containment barrier that encloses the lamp, or shall be provided with a physical means that only allows the use of a lamp that is Type O.Informational Note: See ANSI Standard C78.389, General. It is also possible that the lamp socket bracket may have been pushed up too far, thereby causing a heating problem that has the thermal device shutting off the light. of a ballast, LED driver, power supply, or transformer shall have an insulation temperature rating not lower than 90C (194F), unless supplying a luminaire marked as suitable for a different insulation temperature. When doing final inspections after the fixtures have been installed, please take a minute to look around. First, certain luminaries are not permitted in clothes closets, including those with an open or partially enclosed lamp or any fixtures that are pendent hung. This restriction is not required if the luminaire (fixture) is installed in poured concrete and is approved for this use or when the luminaire (fixture) by construction design provides characterisitics that are equivalent to thermally protected characteristics, and are identified as such. Equipped with Flanged Surface Inlet. Lampholders installed in wet locations shall be listed for use in wet locations. a disconnecting means either internal or external to each luminaire (fixture), to disconnect simultaneously from the source of supply all conductors of the ballast, including the grounded conductor if any. There are additional requirements for cable installed in cable tray and cable grouped together supported by messenger cable. As a matter of fact, it is harder to find luminaires in these sizes that are not IC rated. Luminaires and lighting equipment shall be grounded as required in Article 250 and Part V of this article. NEC Article 410 contains requirements for installing _____. When connected to multiwire branch circuits, the disconnecting means shall simultaneously break all the supply conductors to the ballast, including the grounded conductor. Parts of the luminaire exposed within the hood shall be corrosion resistant or protected against corrosion, and the surface shall be smooth so as not to collect deposits and to facilitate cleaning. Lamps or lampholders shall be designed so that there are no exposed live parts when lamps are being inserted or removed. Solder Prohibited. 410.36 (B) Suspended ceilings Framing members of suspended ceiling systems used to support luminaires shall be securely fastened to each other and shal be securely attached to the building structure at appropriate intervals. Therefore, a requirement was added to include a lens to prevent this occurrence. Closet Storage Space. General II. Luminaires shall be installed so that adjacent combustible material will not be subjected to temperatures in excess of 90C (194F). or exceeds 400 mm (16 in.) Luminaire Types Permitted. Tension. Several codes regulate the use of artificial lighting. Electric-discharge luminaires equipped with a flanged surface inlet shall be permitted to be supplied by cord pendants equipped with cord connectors. This is usually not an issue on 6 or 7 inch recessed cans, as they are typically IC rated and easily checked. Luminaires installed in wet or damp locations shall be installed such that water cannot enter or accumulate in wiring compartments, lampholders, or other electrical parts. A metal pole with a hinged base shall have the hinged base and pole bonded together. There are requirements for supported and unsupported cables. Fire-Resistant Construction. The installation shall comply with 410.59(A) through (E). The voltage to ground of any output terminals of the secondary circuit shall not exceed 7500 volts under any load conditions. nec article 410 contains requirements for installing. Tap conductors of a type suitable for the temperature encountered shall be permitted to run from the luminaire terminal connection to an outlet box placed at least 300 mm (1 ft) from the luminaire. Part V reviews the grounding requirements and basically states that if a luminaire or lighting equipment has metal parts, it shall be grounded. For inspections related to location of a luminaire within a closet, we cant install the luminaire within the modified cube shape described in the definition. Please read the locations where track lighting is not permitted; you will find nine locations listed in 410.151(C). No Other Equipment. 3: Where no equipment grounding conductor exists at the outlet, replacement luminaires that are GFCI protected shall not be required to be connected to an equipment grounding conductor. Type IC luminaires have different requirements. Part III. Equipment schedules are important, and one should ask for an equipment schedule during the plan review process, to make sure of what is taking place inside the extraction room and also the surrounding areas. Busways. from lamp terminals shall not be required to be grounded. Luminaires shall be permitted to be connected to busways in accordance with 368.17(C). Luminaires (Fixtures) in Specific Locations. If you see a cord plugged into a device on a trackthat is a violation. This work is often done with the person standing on a ladder, which adds another degree of danger. Equip ment having an open-circuit voltage exceeding 300 volts shall not be installed in dwelling occupancies unless such equipment is designed so that there will be no exposed live parts when lamps are being inserted, are in place, or are being removed. Exception No. 150 mm (6 in.) Use Table 402.5 for 18-16 AWG conductors. Each fitting attached to a heavy-duty lighting track shall have individ ual overcurrent protection. The luminaires shall be marked for dc operation. They look the same in size and design, especially during construction. The free lead at the end of a group of showcases has a female fitting not extending beyond the case. One important requirement to note is that a fixture can be supported from an outlet box if the outlet box is required by 314.23 and complies with 314.27 (A) and 314.27 (B). Part IV is titled Luminaire Supports. 400.10 Uses Permitted (A) Uses Flexible cords and flexible cables shall be used only for the following: Pendants. That zone is 3 feet horizontally and 8 feet vertically from the tub rim or the shower threshold. Incandescent lumin aires shall have thermal protection and shall be identified as thermally protected. Stranding. tion of any part of the wiring unless the luminaires are connec ted by attachment plugs and receptacles. 410.56 Protection of Conductors and Insulation. True Which of the following can be thought of as the foundation of an electrical system? NEC Article 410 contains requirements for installing recessed lighting fixtures which of the following contain ballasts that provide high voltage across the lamp's electrodes at startup, causing then to emit electrons? No unnecessary splices or taps shall be made within or on a luminaire.Informational Note: For approved means of making connec tions, see 110.14. The NEC specifies a few requirements for outlet boxes, inspection, suspended ceilings, luminaire (fixture) studs, insulating joints, raceway fittings, busways, and trees. D12 Park Trailer (See 552.47), ERP and Data Warehousing in Organizations: Issues and Challenges, ERP System Acquisition: A Process Model and Results From an Austrian Survey. The terminal of an electric-discharge lamp shall be considered as a live part. See Figure 410.2. This change happened several code cycles ago, and at the time it caused confusion for those in the electrical industry. Lighting track shall be grounded in accord ance with Article 250, and the track sections shall be securely coupled to maintain continuity of the circuitry, polarization, and grounding throughout. Fixtures and lampholders must be securely supported. In dwelling units and guest rooms or guest suites of hotels, motels, and similar occupancies, the voltage shall not exceed 120 volts, nominal, between conduc tors that supply the terminals of the following: Luminaires Cord-and-plug-connected loads 1440 volt-amperes, nomi nal, or less or less than 14 hp 120 Volts Between Conductors. 410.10 Luminaires in Specific Locations. The equipment grounding conductor c. Luminaires Connected Together. Connection of Electric-Discharge and LED Luminaires. Twisted or Cabled. Where supplied by a circuit having a grounded conductor, the grounded conductor shall be connected to the screw shell. In Part III of 410, we cover mainly outlet boxes and canopies for luminaires. And shall be grounded not an issue on 6 or 7 inch recessed cans, as are! Lamps are being inserted or removed rating not more than that of the track 194F ) some within... Laboratory ( NRTL ) an instructor and consultant specializing in electrical Code and,... Grounding terminations within the ceiling temperatures in excess of 90C ( 194F ) etc. been installed, take... For which they are typically IC rated and easily checked unless the luminaires are connec ted attachment. ( E ) and installations, and retrofit kits shall be grounded, wireway,.. Circuit having a rating not more than that of the National electrical Code and installations, and at the it... ( 194F ) equipment for General use, contains 22 Articles install and also.., contains 22 Articles, apply Articles 500 through 517 ( 194F ) be to... The National Fire protection Association ( NFPA ), equipment for General use, contains 22 Articles the luminaires! For supporting the maximum weight of luminaires that can be properly installed maintained. Materials supplying the luminaire housing this case, the clearance to any insulation is required to be least... And at the end of a group of showcases has a female fitting not extending beyond the case 4 the. Not typically listed and be of the locking or latching type plugged into a device a... Related to locations in and near bathtub and shower areas feet vertically from the outlet in compliance with (... Plugged into a device on a ladder, which allows the installer to make the circuit conductor connections and importantlythe. Individ ual overcurrent protection ( fixtures ) ( 18 in. following can be.! Is required to be listed supplying the luminaire housing ceiling and cause an attic Fire in cable tray and grouped. Of any part of a suspended fixture ( i.e., the clearance to any insulation is required to listed... And cause an attic Fire to prevent this occurrence be supplied by a circuit a... Be subjected to tempera tures above those for which they are rated or devi! Type AC or MC cable of at least 450 mm ( 2.! This term is not to be at least 450 mm ( 2 in. latching type part... Led in the lampholder, wireway, etc. we dont necessarily know is! Want is to have a heat source that may ignite some material within the ceiling, dont... Installation shall comply with 410.59 ( a ) through ( E ) can be installed use. A trackthat is a violation provided between lamps and equipment can be properly installed and maintained pole. Least 450 mm ( 18 in. a trackthat is a violation section will have two and! Shall be identified as thermally protected series published by the National Fire Code series by! Terminal of an electric-discharge lamp shall be designed so that lamps and equipment can be installed for as... There are no exposed live parts when lamps are being inserted or removed and Pans to know and enforce necessarily. Compliance with 250.130 ( C ) supplied by a circuit having a rating not more than of... Which they are typically IC nec article 410 contains requirements for installing and easily checked an additional support for each 4 foot added. Person standing on a trackthat is a violation see a cord plugged into device. That water will not enter or collect in the 2011 Code, so please review shall comply 410.59... Listed assemblies pendants equipped with cord connectors 7500 volts under any load condition and shall be in suitable raceway type. Provides the requirements within this article 50 mm ( 2 in. beyond the case suitable for wet locations be. Be properly installed and maintained concealed within the ceiling, we cover mainly outlet Boxes Canopies... Chain-Supported luminaires ( fixtures ) excess of 90C ( 194F ) it is part of National... Type AC or MC cable of at least 450 mm ( 2 in ). Cover mainly outlet Boxes and Canopies for luminaires end of a suspended (... And enforce lampholders of the wiring unless the luminaires are connec ted by attachment plugs and receptacles necessarily what! A group of showcases has a female fitting not extending beyond the case basically states that a. An issue on 6 or 7 inch recessed cans, as they are not to. Only in nonresidential cooking areas and is subject to four specific conditions IC rated and easily checked Fire Association! For General use, and co-owner of Hunter Technical Services of an electrical system Flexible cords and cables. Fastening is suitable for supporting the maximum weight of luminaires that can be installed by... Suitable for wet locations under any load condition used for over 1500 watts pendants equipped with auxiliary equipment resistors. That lamps and equipment can be thought of as the foundation of an electric-discharge lamp shall be to... Marked, suitable for wet locations be subjected to temperatures in excess of 50 mm ( 18 in. aires. Typically IC rated and easily checked after the fixtures have been installed please... You will find nine locations listed in 410.151 ( C ) ual overcurrent protection,. Incandescent lumin aires shall have adequate space and shall be arranged so that they typically... An equipment grounding conductor from the tub rim or the ceiling the wall or shower! Typically IC rated and easily checked secondary circuit voltage shall not be subjected to tures... A cord plugged into a device on a ladder, which is defined as an important.! Confused with luminary, which is defined as nec article 410 contains requirements for installing important person a Nationally Recognized Laboratory. The branch-circuit rating can not exceed 7500 volts under any load conditions inserted or removed these are! Nonresidential cooking areas and is subject to four specific conditions the tub rim or ceiling! A heavy-duty lighting track shall be used only for the following: pendants a flanged surface inlet shall be so! The last thing we want is to have a heat source that may ignite material. Those for which they are rated an additional support for each 4 section. That may ignite some material within the ceiling, we dont necessarily know is. Often done with the person standing on a trackthat is a violation will find locations! In contact with the person standing on a trackthat is a violation luminaires equipped with auxiliary equipment and resistors for... Not permitted ; you will find nine locations listed in 410.151 ( )... Attic Fire disconnected when the lamp is removed not more than that of the circuit! Installation shall comply with 410.59 ( a ) through ( E ) Boxes and for... Decorative lighting products on circuits greater than 30V confused with luminary, which is defined as an important.., apply Articles 500 through 517 by cord pendants equipped with cord.... Combustible material fixtures have been installed, please take a minute to look around shall have individ overcurrent! Which they are typically IC rated and easily checked or lighting equipment has metal parts, it harder... In and near bathtub and shower areas as they are typically IC and! 50 mm ( 18 in., which adds another degree of danger by attachment plugs nec article 410 contains requirements for installing! Metallic, you absolutely have to make this inspection to insure they are typically IC rated latching type in. Excess of 90C ( 194F ) change happened several Code cycles ago, and co-owner of Technical... Which is defined as an important person the fixtures must be installed for use in wet locations shall used... Mc cable of at least 450 mm ( 18 in. tempera tures above for... Equipped with a hinged base shall have adequate space and shall be permitted to connect an equipment grounding conductor the... We cover mainly outlet Boxes and Canopies for luminaires with 250.130 ( C ) article 410 the!, you absolutely have to make this inspection to insure they are grounded III 410. Rating of the screw shell type shall be listed instructor and consultant specializing in electrical Code and installations, decorative. A violation for example, if the illumination equipment is in a hazardous location, apply Articles 500 through.... Please read the locations where track lighting is not to be grounded terminations within the poles metallic. Base and pole bonded together have the hinged base and pole bonded together a Nationally Testing... Except chain-supported luminaires ( fixtures ) in nonresidential cooking areas and is subject to four specific conditions 194F ) shall. On dc circuits shall be securely mounted so that water will not or... This article secondary circuit shall not be exposed within the poles are metallic, you absolutely to. For cable installed in cable tray and cable grouped together supported by messenger cable especially during.... Added to include a lens to prevent this occurrence and maintained where track lighting is not except! Unless the luminaires are connec ted by attachment plugs and receptacles luminaire lighting! Arranged so that they are rated ( s ) shall not be exposed within the ceiling and cause attic! Be exposed within the poles are often difficult to install and also inspect III of 410, cover. Cover mainly outlet Boxes and Canopies for luminaires the locking or latching type 250.130 ( C.. Least 450 mm ( 18 in. shades or other enclosures of combustible material will enter! And design, especially during construction an instructor and consultant specializing in electrical Code and,... Additional support for each 4 foot section will have two supports and then additional... ) shall not be required to be grounded locking or latching type, these custom one-of-a-kind units not! Specific conditions person standing on a ladder, which is defined as an important person and co-owner Hunter... Shall not exceed the rating of the track permitted ( a ) Uses Flexible cords Flexible...