[327], He claimed that the Nation's old belief that the white man was the Devil referred to mental whiteness, a state that is rebelling against Allah, rather than light-skinned people themselves. Based in the United States, the Nation of Islam has also established a presence abroad, with membership open only to people of color. [126] In the Nation's view, black liberation requires a religious dimension. After Fard Muhammad disappeared in 1934, the leadership of the NOI was assumed by Elijah Muhammad. [223] As well as African American pupils, some of these schools have also accepted students from Latino, Asian, and Pacific Island communities. [97] Both Farrakhan and senior NOI spokesperson Abdul Alim Muhammad have claimed that the white establishment created the AIDS virus to exterminate black people. [335], Farrakhan presented himself as Elijah Muhammad's true successor;[336] his followers described Wallace Muhammad's leadership as "the Fall. [143] Elijah Muhammad stated that "where as the Black man in Africa is our brother, our central responsibility is with the Black man here in the wilderness of North America. [384] It later offered Farrakhan's Nation $1 billion, which the U.S. government sought to block. [232] Elijah Muhammad refused to support any African Americans campaigning for election, although Louis Farrakhan backed Jesse Jackson's 1984 campaign to become the Democratic Party's presidential candidate,[233] and in 1990 three NOI candidates stood for election in the U.S.[234], Many people have presumed the NOI to be a revolutionary movement,[235] however, it has not sought to foment political revolution or violent social change, instead focusing its emphasis on shifting the consciousness of its members, encouraging them to focus on personal moral improvement, family building, and economic activity. [323], In November 1976, the Nation was renamed the World Community of al-Islam in the West, and in April 1978, it was renamed the American Muslim Mission. [25] These gods are described as being anthropomorphic, taking human form. My name is W. D. Fard, and I come from the Holy City of Mecca. VII: The Nation of Islam or Black Muslims (. [47], For the pan-Islamic concept of the Muslim nation, see, Wallace Muhammad and the NOI's transition to Sunni Islam, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFAllen_Jr.1996 (, Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League, was shot and killed during a search of a NOI Mosque in Harlem, a group of Nation of Islam members killed seven Hanafi Muslims, The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews, List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups, List of topics related to the African diaspora, "Nation of Islam at a Crossroad as Leader Exits", "Quotes: Half a century after his death, Malcolm X speaks", "Harlem Split on Plan to Honor Officer Killed in Mosque in '72", "Main Black Muslim Sect Dissolves As Leader Quits", "Louis Farrakhan renews call for self-determination among Nation of Islam followers", "Preparation of the Mind and Qualifications to Act for Christ", "The Troubling Connections between Scientology and the Nation of Islam", "Giving Scientology TV a run for its money", "Farrakhan's Hate Sermons to Prisoners Slammed", "Nation of Islam Tries to Accept Gift of $1 Billion from Libya", "Officials to Block Qaddafi Gift to Farrakhan", "Nation of Islam leader Farrakhan delivers anti-Semitic speech", "Former Nation of Islam leader dies at 74", Farrakhan and the Jewish Rift; A Historic Reference, "Senior Nation of Islam official: COVID-19 vaccine part of a plot to kill off blacks", "Science and Technology in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam: Astrophysical Disaster, Genetic Engineering, UFOs, White Apocalypse, and Black Resurrection", Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, "Black Religion and Black Power: The Nation of Islam's Internationalism", Messenger Elijah Muhammad Web Resources Center, Online books, audio, and video, Official Website of the United Kingdom Branch of the Nation of Islam, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nation_of_Islam&oldid=1133226451, This page was last edited on 12 January 2023, at 19:58. 1 13 cups cream of wheat. "[48] It teaches that the black race, in its natural state, is divine;[49] collectively, the black race is God,[50] or a "nation of Gods". Return to a boil. [197], The NOI teaches that practitioners should seek to keep fit and maintain a healthy diet. In 2010, Farrakhan announced his embrace of Dianetics and has actively encouraged NOI members to undergo auditing from the Church of Scientology. [119] The Earth's atmosphere will then burn for 390 years and spend another 610 cooling down. [197] Women are commanded to dress modestly;[164] they are not permitted to wear trousers and are encouraged to cover their heads, although the latter is deemed optional. The best whole wheat bread recipes all in one spot. [420] At the start of the 21st century, Barrett called the NOI "one of the most visible and controversial black religions,"[447] while in the 1990s Gardell termed it the "most renowned and controversial" of the African American Muslim groups. does not in and of itself bring explosions. Cream of Wheat will remove the Black chef that has appeared on its packaging since 1893, the brand's parent company announced three months after . University of Maryland political science professor Ron Walters and the Rev. [304] The following year, three members of the NOI were convicted of the killing. [291] The NOI became a foil for the civil rights movement, which presented the group as evidence for the harmful effect that poor race relations were having in the U.S.[292] In 1962, Los Angeles police raided one of the Nation's temples; one member was killed and seven injured, attracting national press attention. most notably in the preparation of baked beans and ginger bread. [50] "Thoughts that bomb shit like math"Raekwon [51] Upon a first listen, Raekwon's claim to "bomb shit like math" in the lead single for 36 Chambers, "Protect Ya Neck," can appear absurd, as normative math (i.e., addition, subtraction, etc.) Ain't no use you get mad with me, white people. [156], The group's leadership is overwhelmingly male,[149] although several women rose to senior positions during the 1990s;[157] in 1998 the Nation appointed its first woman minister, Ava Muhammad, as head of Mosque Number 15 in Georgia. Pumpkin Pancakes with cinnamon and peanut butter chips. "[320] The FOI was disbanded, with Wallace calling it a "hooligan outfit. [101], Christianity is seen as "white man's religion. [207] Since the 1980s, it has also sought government contracts,[208] and in 1988, it established the Security Agency Incorporated, which provided FOI patrols for clients. Share it with the community! [89] The NOI teaches that the white race spread out from Europe and began to dominate the world. directions. David W. Leinweber of Emory University asserts that the Nation of Islam engages in revisionist and antisemitic interpretations of the Holocaust, and that they exaggerate the role of Jews in the trans-Atlantic slave trade. "[136] In these schools, boys and girls are taught separately;[222] pupils are only given two weeks of vacation each year. moist rich buttermilk almonds dairy milk flax ground flax wh. [164] Combating the idea that academic achievement entails "acting white," the Nation has sought to associate hard work in school with pride in being black. [152] It expects men to be providers for their family. [104] The religion is treated with suspicion out of the belief that the oppressed (African Americans) and the oppressors (European Americans) cannot share the same God. "[51] According to its teachings, "knowledge of self" is key for black people to realize their inner divinity. 2 23 cups bread flour. The Nation of Islam (NOI), the largest Black nationalist organization in the U.S., has maintained a consistent record of antisemitism and bigotry since its founding in the 1930s. [118], Once the Earth has returned to a habitable state, Allah will return the righteous to live there, in a new black paradise. [125], The Nation prioritises land ownership to increase food production and autonomy for African Americans;[200] a commonly used slogan among the NOI is that "The farm is the engine of our national life. [243] Garvey's economic nationalism, whereby he called for African American economic self-sufficiency and enterprise, was a particular influence. The traditional cook-on-stove product is prepared by boiling water or milk and slowly pouring in the ground wheat while stirring. [91], The subjugation of African Americans is thus seen as part of an ancient white conspiracy. [359], As of 2020, the Nation consisted of ten ministries: for Spiritual Development, Agriculture, Education, Information, Health, Trade and Commerce, Defense, Justice, Arts and Culture, and Science and Technology. 15.46g. "[438] The ADL has engaged in surveillance of the Nation, anti-NOI political lobbying, and attempts to block its enterprises. [164] Farrakhan was initially highly critical of rap music because he argued it promoted sexual promiscuity. [165], Although Nation members are allowed to marry non-members,[162] the group stipulates that they should only marry other black people,[166] claiming that sex with white women emasculates black men. [146], The NOI's teachings on gender issues are conservative and patriarchal,[148] promoting strict gender roles for men and women. [318] "Temples" were renamed "mosques," while "ministers" were renamed "imams. It offers its members numerous programs and incentives for their uplifting. July 4, 2020 - 23:5. From 1934-1975, the NOI was led by Elijah Muhammad, who established businesses, large real estate holdings, armed forces and schools.. During the later part of this period, Malcolm X became a prominent minister and leader in the NOI. This search takes into account your taste preferences. Attracting growing attention in the late 1950s and 1960s, the NOI's influence expanded through high-profile members such as the black nationalist activist Malcolm X and the boxer Muhammad Ali. This bread is also great for sandwiches or, our personal favorite, egg in a hole. Cream Of Wheat Bread Recipes. Place sugar, peanut butter, butter, mashed bananas, and vanilla in large bowl of electric mixer fitted with paddle attachment, or mix by hand using a spoon. [189] Various historical and scientific errors have been identified in the claims of its leaders;[459] mainstream scientists, and much of the wider public, regard its mythological accounts as being pseudo-scientific. Usage/Application: Restaurant. Stir sugar and water on medium heat until sugar dissolves. [178], The NOI explains that its finances come primarily from donations and its businesses. [449] The Nation's role in confronting gang violence, drugs, and poverty among African American communities has earned them respect. [420] It has been called a hate group by African American civil rights activists including the NAACP's Roy Wilkins,[421] as well as by the Southern Poverty Law Center, which claims that the NOI teaches a "theology of innate black superiority over whites". Alternatively, bake bread on a Silpat-lined or greased baking sheet. BIBLIOGRAPHY. While it identifies itself as promoting a form of Islam, its beliefs differ considerably from mainstream Islamic traditions. A white Jesus. [188] As this results in many individuals having the same name, numbers are added before the X to differentiate members (i.e. Panutsa - Crude from of sugar. [403] Gardell suggested that this was partly due to the Nation's focus on hard work and rigid morality, which helped improve the economic situation of its members, coupled with the broader growth of the African American middle-class in this period. The Nation also promotes racial unity and self-help and maintains a strict code of discipline among members. [30] Mainstream Muslims view it as "a religious movement which has selectively adopted some Islamic beliefs and concepts," but which is not "truly Islamic. [402] Although originating as a largely lower-class movement, over the course of the 20th century it became increasingly middle-class. [426] The Nation has also been accused of anti-LGBT rhetoric. The Nation of Islam is an African-American political and religious group founded in Detroit in 1930 by Wallace Fard Muhammad. [209] In 1985 it launched its POWER (People Organized and Working for Economic Rebirth) project, designed to redirect black purchasing power toward black-owned businesses. [79] Because of this, the NOI teaches that white people are intrinsically prone to lying, violence, and brutality. [266] There, he joined Garvey's UNIA,[267] and worked in industrial plants before becoming unemployed amid the Great Depression. [424] In a 1993 speech at Kean College, the NOI representative Khalid Abdul Muhammad stated that White South Africans should be given 24 hours to leave their country, and all of those whites who are still in South Africa after that point should be killed;[425] Farrakhan censured him for the tone of this speech. From mainstream Islamic perspectives, its teachings are heretical,[29] with its theology being shirk (blasphemy). And the educational system perpetuates white supremacy. [216] Much of the produce grown here is distributed to NOI mosques around the country. [134], It cites the formation of Israel as a state for the Jewish people in 1948 as a precedent for the establishment of such a state. [7] Scholars of religion have also classified it as resembling UFO religions,[8] with UFOs featuring in its ideas about the forthcoming end of the world. [301] This was directly in violation of Elijah Muhammad's vision, in which the Nation was apolitical. [180], The most important date in the Nation's year is February 26, Saviours' Day, which is believed to be the birthday of Fard Muhammad. [270] After this incident, Fard Muhammad gave Elijah Poole increasing powers, declaring him Supreme Minister of the Nation and renaming him Elijah Muhammad. Chalazae - The yolk is suspended in the. [141] In 2007, the scholar of religion Lawrence A. Mamiya suggested that there were then around 50,000 members of the Nation. [10], The Nation draws heavily on both Christianity and Islam, although it interprets the Bible and Quran differently from Christians or mainstream Muslims. Beat on medium speed until mixture is well blended. [193] It is typical for male members to cut their hair very short, sometimes shaving the head entirely, and to not wear a beard. cities. 18, and Roland Muhammad, November 14, 1997 (, 16056, September 1960. [442], The NOI Health Minister Abdul Alim Muhammad accused Jewish doctors of injecting blacks with the AIDS virus;[443][444] in 2020 Ishmael Muhammad claimed that Jewish people were receiving different vaccines for COVID-19 from other people. [80] Elijah Muhammad repeatedly referred to the white man as the devil. [174], In the late 1950s, Elijah Muhammad published a prayer manual outlining how his followers should pray five times a day; this involved an ablution beforehand. After sugar dissolves, simmer on low heat for 10-15 minutes. [69] In the Nation's discourse, these early humans are labelled "black",[48] described as having dark skin as well as smooth, straight hair, closely resembling dark-complexioned Arabians or South Asians rather than Sub-Saharan Africans. Muslim critics accuse it of promoting teachings that are not authentically Islamic. [261] He also urged his followers to listen to the radio sermons of the Watch Tower Society and Baptist fundamentalists. [72] Elijah Muhammad for instance referred to "black, brown, yellow [and] red" people as collectively constituting "black mankind", which he then juxtaposed against the "white race". Today, the Nation of Islam is one of the best-managed and wealthiest organizations of black Americans. [374] During the Second World War, in which the U.S. fought against Japan, many Nation members expressed pro-Japanese sentiment and refused the draft to fight against the Japanese military, stating that they would not fight people whom they regarded as fellow members of the Original Asiatic Race. Following Elijah Muhammad's death in 1975, his son Warith Deen Mohammed took over the organization, moving it towards Sunni Islam and renaming it the World Community of Islam in the West. [70], The NOI's conception of race differs from that of most Americans. 20. [160], The NOI strictly enforces heterosexual monogamy among its members and encourages sexual abstinence prior to marriage. The Nation has proven to be particularly successful at converting prisoners. [411], Prior to 1975, only a small number of Hispanic American and Native American individuals were members of the NOI, although under Farrakhan the Nation began putting greater efforts into recruiting among these groups. 20 Ratings. [445], The Nation of Islam became the largest black nationalist organization in the United States,[446] having cultivated a sense of pride among many African Americans and made a noted effort to improve their education and welfare. [53], Fishman and Soage highlighted that the Nation's "core theological principles are completely divorced from the traditional Islamic faith. The "Uncle Sam" political foundation is based on white supremacy, relegating nonwhites to second-class citizenship. Compared to wheat, barley is an inferior grain; its head contains fewer grains, it is more susceptible to loss through windstorms, and it is not as hard. [278] Elijah Muhammad claimed that Fard Muhammad had been the latest Allah and that he had now returned to his own realm, with Elijah Muhammad remaining on Earth as his messenger. [120] In his book The Supreme Wisdom, Elijah Muhammad claimed that after the apocalypse, "Peace, joy and happiness will have no end. [155] Outsiders often perceive the Nation's women as being victims of male oppression and control. government. [124] Scholar of religion Mattias Gardell commented that the idea of black unity is "at the very core of the NOI ideology. [217] NOI members also own urban gardens in various U.S. [372], In the 1930s and 1940s, the Nation had links with Satokata Takahashi, a Japanese man who was promoting pro-Japanese sentiment among African American groups. 2 tablespoons gluten (optional) 2 12 teaspoons salt. [460] This is the view taken by groups like the Federation of Islamic Associations of the United States and Canada, which have distanced themselves from the Nation. history. [264] On joining the Nation of Islam, Fard Muhammad gave Poole the new name of Elijah Karriem. The Nation's leadership denied sanctioning this attack. [41] The Nation teaches that none of these gods are immortal, but all die,[42] at which a new god will take their place. Last updated Dec 15, 2022. African Concepts 28 Nation Sacks 39 3 The Broom in Hoodoo 43 Brooms and Africans 43 Brooms and African Americans 49 viii Contents Chinese Wash 58 Sacudimento 59 A Spontaneous Broom Ritual 59 . [385][386][387][388] In 1996, Farrakhan embarked on a tour of Africa and the Middle East, meeting with leaders including Gaddafi, Ghana's Jerry Rawlings, Nigeria's Sani Abacha, South Africa's Nelson Mandela, and Iraq's Saddam Hussein. [236] Its members avoided involvement in the race riots of the 1960s. Remove from pan and let cool. [47], The Nation promotes the idea that "God is man and man is God, that God has a presence inside human individuals. Bread has a bad rap in America these days and is often avoided by people who are trying to lose weight or pursue a healthier lifestyle. Fold in chocolate chips. Ain't another devil nowhere else. [311] It had continued to face opposition from the FBI, who engaged in a renewed counterintelligence project to destabilise it from the late 1960s. Turn onto a lightly floured surface; knead until smooth and elastic, 6-8 minutes. 2 12 teaspoons yeast. Add almonds, raisins, and figs. [98] The Nation is openly critical of U.S. aggression towards countries with non-white majorities, especially when those countries also have Muslim majorities. [131] It called for the creation of a separate and sovereign African American nation-state in the southern part of what is currently the United States,[132] portraying this as compensation for the unpaid labor of their enslaved ancestors. Whole Wheat Bread, For Restaurant, Packaging Size: 300 Gm. [45] In this account, this god chose his skin color in reference to the blackness from which he had emerged. [27] Unlike most forms of Islam, the NOI does not teach that the 6th/7th century Arabian religious leader Muhammad was the final nor the most important messenger of God,[28] instead treating its first two leaders, Fard Muhammad and Elijah Muhammad, as being more important. Combine flours; add 4-5 cups flour to mixture. TheresaBeaubrun. After being diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2000, Farrakhan has shifted more towards orthodox Islam. Elijah Muhammad, Message to the Black Man, 1965[37], The sociologist of religion David V. Barrett noted that the Nation's theology is "very distinct" and "extremely detailed. [273][274] Rumours spread that he had moved to Europe or that he had been killed, either by the police or by ex-followers of his. Beat until smooth. "[102] It is regarded as having perpetuated white domination and furthered the oppression of the African diaspora in the Americas;[103] it is also associated with slavery and colonialism in the Nation of Islam's discourse. [224], The Nation also has a longstanding record of involvement in civic, economic, and political activities outside the strictly religious arena. [381] For many years, Gaddafi was the Nation's most prominent international supporter and offered them assistance in various forms. [434] [255] The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) later noted that Fard Muhammad's fingerprints matched those of Wallie D. Ford, a white man who had a record of arrests and had served a three-year sentence in San Quentin Prison for drugs charges. [90] It claims that most of these enslaved blacks forgot their true names, their Arabic language, and their Muslim identity, instead embracing Christianity, the religion of the white oppressor. Nation of Islam and Five Percent Nation Lessons. [241], The early NOI's theology was informed by various sources, including older forms of black nationalism, Garveyism, the Moorish Science Temple of America, the Jehovah's Witnesses, and Black Freemasonry. I am your brother. the nation's last Sambo's restaurant in Santa . [212], Some of its African American left-wing, anti-capitalist critics have derisively dismissed the Nation's approach to economics as black capitalism;[213] Farrakhan has responded that while socialism appeals to him, capitalism is the only feasible road to economic empowerment for African Americans. Nation of islam definition, an organization composed chiefly of African Americans, advocating the teachings of Islam and originally favoring the separation of Black and white racial groups in the United States: members are known as Black Muslims. "[56] He taught that there is no spiritual realm, with the material universe being all that exists,[57] although he also stated that humans could develop parapsychological powers and that he personally had telepathic abilities. Learn more about the Nation of Islam, a religion founded by Wallace D. Fard to raise the moral, social, and economic standing of non-whites. [76] He attracted a following but caused trouble, leading the Meccan authorities to exile him and his 6000 followers to Pelan, the Mediterranean island of Patmos. In a medium bowl, whisk together flour, baking powder, salt and cinnamon. [294], One of the Nation's most significant members at this time was Malcolm X. In the 1980s, Farrakhan referred to Judaism as a "dirty religion"[431] and described Adolf Hitler as a "very great man" who "raised Germany up from nothing". [33] Unlike practitioners of Rastafari, a contemporary of the NOI which shares many of its key concerns, members of the Nation do not exhibit considerable variation in their approach to the religion, displaying a high degree of uniformity and conformity among followers. [354][355][356][357] NOI Sister Charlene Muhammad received the "Dianetics Auditor of the Year" Award 2018. [301] In light of these experiences, in March 1964 he left the Nation and became a Sunni Muslim. [343] It was able to buy much of the property owned by its predecessor, including the Chicago Palace and the Stoney Island Mosque. [215] As the Black Power movement emerged in the late 1960s, many observers saw the Nation as its forerunner and a vanguard,[309] with the Nation claiming that it had inspired the movement. [290] This press criticism backfired, giving the group significant attention and assisting its recruitment. [252] The Nation has since taught that he was born in Mecca on February 26, 1877, the son of a black father and white mother; in their view, he was Allah himself.[253]. Template:TOCnestleft The Nation of Islam is an American Black Supremacist movement founded in Detroit, Michigan, by Wallace D. Fard Muhammad in July 1930. Gently mix the dry ingredients together before stirring into the wet ingredients. [183], Members are encouraged to make the hajj pilgrimage to Mecca;[184] Elijah Muhammad himself did so three times. [239] Although Islam probably died out among the African American community over subsequent generations,[240] the notion that Islam was a religion historically associated with African Americans influenced the emergence of groups like the NOI in the early 20th century. Cream of Wheat just became the latest major food brand to announce a review of its controversial mascot following the global uproar over the . A millenarian tradition, it maintains that Fard Muhammad will soon return aboard a spaceship, the "Mother Plane" or "Mother Ship," to wipe out the white race and establish a utopia. In a large bowl, whisk together sugar and eggs until well combined, then whisk in the mashed banana and vanilla extract. [272] In 1934, Fard Muhammad disappeared without notifying his followers or designating a successor. The Nation of Islam (NOI) is a religious and political organization founded in the United States by Wallace Fard Muhammad in 1930. [425], In 1991, the NOI published an anonymously authored book, The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews; this book generated controversy for arguing that Jews had a disproportionately high level of involvement in the Atlantic slave trade. [334] Under Wallace Muhammad's leadership, Farrakhan was relocated to Chicago, widely seen as a demotion. [198] Vegetarianism is encouraged among members, although not obligatory,[199] with Elijah Muhammad writing that "meat was never intended for man to eat. Highly rated with a low unit price Best Seller Cream of Wheat Stove Top Hot Cereal, Original, 2 1/2 Minute Cook Time, 28 Ounce 1.75 Pound (Pack of 1) 4.8 (3,392) $438 ($0.16/Ounce) $4.16 with Subscribe & Save discount Save 5% on 4 select item (s) SNAP EBT eligible Cream of Rice Gluten Free Hot Cereal, 14 Ounce 14 Ounce (Pack of 1) 4.7 (2,239) [345] Masonic elements and numerology came to play an important part in Farrakhan's speeches. Rye . [237], Islam had a presence in North America prior to the formation of the United States. Mix all dry ingredients together. [173] In some economically deprived areas, they have played a role in providing services that the public institutions have not. [415] By 1960, its membership was being estimated at between 30,000 and 100,000;[281] in his 1961 study of the group, the scholar C. Eric Lincoln suggested the higher estimate. [84] According to the Nation, Jesus of Nazareth was also sent to try and civilise the white race;[85] Farrakhan's NOI has taught that Jesus was not the Messiah, as Christians believe, but that he instead pointed to the later coming of the true messiah, Elijah Muhammad. [40] Also conflicting with mainstream Islam is the NOI's claim that there is no afterlife;[55] Elijah Muhammad wrote that "when you are dead, you are DEAD. [62] The whites lacked inner divinity, and were intrinsically violent; they overthrew the Tribe of Shabazz and achieved global dominance. [332] Born in the Bronx to Caribbean migrants, Farrakhan had been a nightclub singer prior to joining the original Nation in 1955. Add uncooked cereal and flour; beat until dough stiffens. [111] The Nation teaches that this vessel is the Merkabah that appears in the Book of Ezekiel (1: 428). 2. We want our people in America whose parents or grandparents are descendants from slaves to be allowed to establish a separate state or territory of their own, either on this continent or elsewhere. [364], From its early days, the Nation used print media to promote its ideas, including the magazines Muhammad Speaks (196175) and The Final Call. [155] Under Fard Muhammad's leadership, it reached a total of approximately 8000 members. Followers to listen to the radio nation of islam cream of wheat bread of the Watch Tower Society and Baptist.... In light of These experiences, in which the U.S. government sought block. 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